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1、by+地點名詞，表方位，意為：“在……旁邊”。如：by the lake/river/tree/window/door等。

例，She searched the top of the hill and stopped to rest on a big rock by the side of the path.她到了山頂，然後停下來在路邊的一塊大石頭上休息。

2、by+時間名詞，意為：“到……時，在……之前”。如：by now/then/this time/next Friday/the end of等。

例，By the end of last year，another new gymnasium had been completed.到去年年底，又有一座新體育館峻工了。