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独立宣言原文

独立宣言原文

美利坚合众国独立宣言原文全文如下

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

In Congress, July 4, 1776

THE UNANIMOUS DECLARATION OF THE THIRTEEN UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bonds which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.

In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.

Nor have We been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us.

We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpation, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.

We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States

that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved and that as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our sacred Honor.

宣言内容

威廉玛丽学院毕业的杰斐逊曾写道,《独立宣言》是“吁请世界的裁判”。自1776年以来,《独立宣言》中所体现的原则就一直在全世界为人传诵。[1]美国的改革家们,不论是出于什么动机,不论是为了废除奴隶制,禁止种族隔离或是要提高妇女的权利,都要向公众提到“人人生而平等”。不论在什么地方,当人民向不民主的统治作斗争时,他们就使用杰斐逊的话来争辩道,政府的“正当权力是经被统治者同意所授予的”。

《独立宣言》由四部分组成:

第一部分为前言,阐述了宣言的目的。

第二部分高度概括了当时资产阶级最激进的政治思想,即自然权利学说和主权在民思想。

第三部分历数英国压迫北美殖民地人民的条条罪状,说明殖民地人民是在忍无可忍的情况下被迫拿起武器的,力陈独立的合法性和正义性。

在宣言的最后一部分,美利坚庄严宣告独立。《独立宣言》并非1776年7月4日签署的,7月4日是决议采用宣言的日期,之后进行了印刷。议会代表们大多于1776年7月2日签署本宣言。

独立宣言全文

第一条在权利方面,人们生来是而且始终是自由平等的。只有在公共利用上面才显出社会上的差别。

第二条任何政治结合的目的都在于保存人的自然的和不可动摇的权利。这些权利就是自由、财产、安全和反抗压迫。

第三条整个主权的本原主要是寄托于国民。任何团体、任何个人都不得行使主权所未明白授予的权力。

第四条自由就是指有权从事一切无害于他人的行为。因此,各人的自然权利的行使,只以保证社会上其他成员能享有同样权利为限制。此等限制仅得由法律规定之。

第五条法律仅有权禁止有害于社会的行为。凡未经法律禁止的行为即不得受到妨碍

而且任何人都不得被迫从事法律所未规定的行为。

第六条法律是公共意志的表现。全国公民都有权亲身或经由其代表去参与法律的制定。法律对于所有的人,无论是施行保护或处罚都是一样的。在法律面前,所有的公民都是平等的,故他们都能平等地按其能力担任一切官职,公共职位和职务,除德行或才能上的差别外,不得有其他差别。

第七条除非在法律所规定的情况下并按照法律所指示的手续,不得控告、逮捕或拘留任何人。凡动议、发布、执行或令人执行专断命令者应受处罚但根据法律而被传唤或被扣押的公民应当立即服从抗拒则构成犯罪。

第八条法律只应规定确实需要和显然不可少的刑罚,而且除非根据在犯法前已经制定

和公布的且系依法施行的法律以外,不得处罚任何人。

第九条任何人在其未被宣告为犯罪以前应被推定为无罪,即使认为必须予以逮捕,但为扣留其人身所不需要的各种残酷行为都应受到法律的严厉制裁。

第十条意见的发表只要不扰乱法律所规定的公共秩序,任何人都不得因其意见,甚至信教的意见而遭受干涉。

第十一条自由传达思想和意见是人类最宝贵的权利之一因此,各个公民都有言论、著述和出版自由,但在法律所规定的情况下,应对滥用此项自由负担责任。

第十二条人权的保障需要有武装力量因此,这种力量是为了全体的利益而不是为了此种力量的受任人的个人利益而设立的。

第十三条为了武装力量的维持和行政管理的支出,公共赋税就成为必不可少的赋税应在全体公民之间按其能力作平等的分摊。

第十四条所有公民都有权亲身或由其代表来确定赋税的必要性,自由地加以认可,注意其用途,决定税额、税率、客体、征收方式和时期。

第十五条社会有权要求机关公务人员报告其工作。

第十六条凡权利无保障和分权未确立的社会,就没有宪法。

第十七条财

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